Group II base oils are still considered to be mineral oils. In recent years, the price has become very similar to Group I base oils. This results in a clear and colorless base oil with very few sulphur, nitrogen or ring structures. Hydrogen gas is used to remove undesirable components from the crude oil. Group II base oils are created by using a hydrotreating process to replace the traditional solvent-refining process. Group I base oils are the most common type used for industrial oils, although increasingly more Group II base oils are being used. This relates to how much the viscosity changes with temperature, i.e., how much it thins out at higher temperatures and thickens at low temperatures. The base oils on the high end of the scale are often referred to as having a high viscosity index (HVI). They typically have a viscosity index (VI) from 90 to 105. Group I base oils typically range from amber to golden brown in color due to the sulphur, nitrogen and ring structures remaining in the oil. Solvent refining was the primary technology used in refineries built between 19. Group I base oils are the traditional older base oils created by a solvent-refining technology used to remove the weaker chemical structures or bad actors (ring structures, structures with double bonds) from the crude oil. The result was the development and introduction of base oil group numbers. In the early 1990s, the American Petroleum Institute implemented a system for describing various base oil types. Ester oils can take more abuse at higher temperatures and will provide superior detergency compared to a PAO synthetic base oil, which in turn increases the hours of use. An example would be a PAO-based compressor oil that is mixed with a polyolester.Įsters are common Group V base oils used in different lubricant formulations to improve the properties of the existing base oil.
These base oils are at times mixed with other base stocks to enhance the oil’s properties. Group V base oils are classified as all other base oils, including silicone, phosphate ester, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester, biolubes, etc. Of lubrication professionals use both synthetic and mineral-based lubricants in their plant, according to a recent poll at They have a much broader temperature range and are great for use in extreme cold conditions and high heat applications. These synthetic base oils are made through a process called synthesizing. Group IV base oils are polyalphaolefins (PAOs). Like Group II base oils, these oils are also becoming more prevalent. This longer process is designed to achieve a purer base oil.Īlthough made from crude oil, Group III base oils are sometimes described as synthesized hydrocarbons. These oils are refined even more than Group II base oils and generally are severely hydrocracked (higher pressure and heat). Group III base oils are greater than 90 percent saturates, less than 0.03 percent sulfur and have a viscosity index above 120. Still, Group II base oils are becoming very common on the market today and are priced very close to Group I oils. They also have a clearer color and cost more in comparison to Group I base oils. Group II base oils have better antioxidation properties. Since all the hydrocarbon molecules of these oils are saturated, They are often manufactured by hydrocracking, which is a more complex process than what is used for Group I base oils. Group II base oils are defined as being more than 90 percent saturates, less than 0.03 percent sulfur and with a viscosity index of 80 to 120.
This is why they are the cheapest base oils on the market. Group I base oils are solvent-refined, which is a simpler refining process. The temperature range for these oils is from 32 to 150 degrees F.
Group I base oils are classified as less than 90 percent saturates, greater than 0.03 percent sulfur and with a viscosity-index range of 80 to 120. Before all the additives are added to the mixture, lubricating oils begin as one or more of these five API groups. Group V is for all other base oils not included in Groups I through IV.
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Group IV base oils are full synthetic (polyalphaolefin) oils. The first three groups are refined from petroleum crude oil. The base oil category defines what the oil is made of, how it is manufactured, and how the lubricant handles certain environments such as extreme heat.The American Petroleum Institute (API) has categorized base oils into five categories (API 1509, Appendix E). Almost every lubricant used in plants today started off as just a base oil.
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